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12. Library Functions of C Programming

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  Library Functions : Library functions are built in functions used to perform standard operations.The C language is accompanied by a number of library functions that carry out various commonly used operations or calculations. A library function is accessed by writing the function name, followed by list of arguments that represent information being passed to the function. The arguments must be enclosed in parenthesis and separated by commas. The arguments can be variables or constants. Some C library functions are sqrt(), fabs(), exp(), log(), pow(), sin(), cos(), tan(), floor(), ceil(), etc. Header files and related Libray functions in C programming
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13. Control Strings in C Programming

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Control String : It is also known as format specifier.It defines the way in which the arguments used with printf( ) & scanf( ) will be displayed or accepted respectively. It begins with the percent sign and is followed with the format code. The following table depicted the different control string for different data types: Control Strings in C Programming
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1. What is Computer programming ?

Computer programming is the process of designing and building an executable computer program which is basically a sequence of instructions for accomplishing a specific computing task.
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4. What is Compiler ?

A compiler is a computer program that translates computer code written in one programming language (the source language) into another programming language (the target language). The name compiler is primarily used for programs that translate source codefrom a high-level programming language to a lower level language (e.g., assembly language, object code, or machine code) to create an executable program .
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7. Introduction of C programming :

C is a high level, most powerful programming language. It was developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT & T's Bell Laboratories of USA during the 1970's. Basic features of C (1) Machine independence : C programs normally run on many different computers without alteration, provided the appropriate library functions and header files are utilized. (2) Structured programming : C programs are written systematically with the feature of structured programming concept. (3) Flexibility : C has flexible features to write programs for numerical, commercial, and graphical applications. (4) Integrity : This refers to the accuracy of the calculations. C is one of the most popular highly integrated programming languages. (5) Efficiency : Efficiency is concerned with execution speed and memory utilization. Normally programs written in C are efficient and fast.
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18. Identifiers and Keyword in C programming

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Identifiers & Keywords  Identifier is the fancy term used to mean 'name'. In C, identifiers are used to refer to a number of things: we've already seen them used to name variables and functions. They are also used to give names to some things we haven't seen yet, amongst which are labels and the ‛tags’ of structures, unions, and enums.          Keywords are the special terms reserved for a special purpose in a language, which cannot be used as variable names. Keywords are identifiers reserved by the language for special use. Every keyword has a special meaning. All keywords must be written in lower case letter. C language uses 32 keywords which are not available to users to use them as variables or function names. So keywords are the words whose meaning has already been explained to the C compiler. All the keywords are given below: Keywords in C Language
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10. Data Types of C Programming

Data Types of C Programming  are given below : A set of values together with a set of permitted operations is known as data  t ypes . Variables used in C programs are declared with appropriate data types before the variable is assigned any value. There are four basic data types in C language. They are described below: (1) char : A char data type is used to hold individual character or letter or symbol. It usually occupies 1 byte in RAM. The value range in decimal in char data types is between - 128 to 127. (2) int : An int data type is used to store a signed or unsigned whole integer number within a specified range and cannot have fractional values or a decimal point. It usually occupies 2 bytes in RAM. The value range in decimal in char data types is between - 32768 to 32767. (3) float : A float data type is used to store floating point numbers or real numbers that is numbers that can have decimal values. It usually occupies 4 bytes in RAM. The value range in decimal in ch
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3. What is programming language ?

Program is a set of commands ( or instructions ) through which we can perform a specific task . A programming language is a language which helps us to write a program . For example , BASIC , C , C++ , Python , JAVA , DOT NET , etc. Computer programming language can be classified as , A. System Programming Language : A programming language that is used to write system software . B. Application Programming Language : A programming language that is used to write application software . It can be further classified as , High Level Language : It is a programming language that permits a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a specific computer . They are considered as high level because they are closer to human language and further from machine language . For example , Pascal , Basic , C , C++ , JAVA . Low Level Language : It is a programming language that permits very low abstraction from computer's instruction architecture (CIA) . They are closer
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8. Program structure rules of C programming

  Some rules which hold for all programs written in C are as follows: (1) C has no specific rule about the position at which different parts of a statement are to be written. (2) C is a case sensitive programming language. Each and every statement in C or keyword must be written in lower case letter. (3) Each and every statement used in a C program must be terminated with a semicolon. (4) The statements within a function in C program are always enclosed within a pair of brackets. (5) Any C program must be start with a function called main function. (6) The group of statements within main () are executed sequentially. (7) The enclosing brackets of the main () function indicates the end of the program. (8) Keywords cannot be used for any other purpose that is they cannot be used as a variable or function name.
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9. Header Files of C Programming

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Header Files of C programming : A header file is a file which is generally available in the include directory in the C language . It is an ASCII (American standard code for information interchange) type file . C language uses several header files , each of which contains declaration that are functionally related. For example, <math.h> header file contains declaration for mathematical function. The header files also contained the information about library functions. Some important header files are  <stdio.h>  Standard input output header, <conio.h>  Console input output header,  <math.h> Mathematical header, <string.h>  String manipulation header,  <stdlib.h> Standard library of utility functions header,  <ctype.h> Character  type testing and conversion header , etc . Header files and related Libray functions in C programming
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