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13. Control Strings in C Programming

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Control String : It is also known as format specifier.It defines the way in which the arguments used with printf( ) & scanf( ) will be displayed or accepted respectively. It begins with the percent sign and is followed with the format code. The following table depicted the different control string for different data types: Control Strings in C Programming
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12. Library Functions of C Programming

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  Library Functions : Library functions are built in functions used to perform standard operations.The C language is accompanied by a number of library functions that carry out various commonly used operations or calculations. A library function is accessed by writing the function name, followed by list of arguments that represent information being passed to the function. The arguments must be enclosed in parenthesis and separated by commas. The arguments can be variables or constants. Some C library functions are sqrt(), fabs(), exp(), log(), pow(), sin(), cos(), tan(), floor(), ceil(), etc. Header files and related Libray functions in C programming
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11. Variables in C Programming

Variables : In programming, a variable is a container (storage area) to hold data. To indicate the storage area, each variable should be given a unique name (identifier). Variable names are just the symbolic representation of a memory location. For example:                          int playerScore = 95 ; Here, playerScore is a variable of integer type. Here, the variable is assigned an integer value 95. Rules for naming a variable : 1. A variable name can have letters (both uppercase and lowercase letters), digits and underscore only. 2. The first letter of a variable should be either a letter or an underscore. 3. There is no rule on how long a variable name (identifier) can be. However, you may run into problems in some compilers if variable name is longer than 31 characters.
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6. Flowchart of a computer programming

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A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process. Flowchart can also be defined as a diagramatic representation of an algorithm (step by step approach to solve a task). The flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting the boxes with arrows. Symbols for flowchart : Basic structure of a flowchart : Some examples of Flowchart are given below : 1.Flowchart to add two numbers : 2. Flowchart to subtract two numbers : 3. Flowchart to print area of a square :
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7. Introduction of C programming :

C is a high level, most powerful programming language. It was developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT & T's Bell Laboratories of USA during the 1970's. Basic features of C (1) Machine independence : C programs normally run on many different computers without alteration, provided the appropriate library functions and header files are utilized. (2) Structured programming : C programs are written systematically with the feature of structured programming concept. (3) Flexibility : C has flexible features to write programs for numerical, commercial, and graphical applications. (4) Integrity : This refers to the accuracy of the calculations. C is one of the most popular highly integrated programming languages. (5) Efficiency : Efficiency is concerned with execution speed and memory utilization. Normally programs written in C are efficient and fast.
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15. Basic Input/output functions in C programming

Basic Input/output functions in C : (1) scanf( ) : It is used to take input from user. scanf( ) is used to read input values of variables by using input devices. The syntax of scanf( ) is given below:                     scanf (“control string control string......”, & variable name 1, & variable name 2, ...... & variable name n) ; (2) printf( ) : It is used to display the output. printf( ) is used to print values of variable by using the output devices. The syntax of printf( ) is given below:                     printf (“control string control string....”, & variable name 1, & variable name 2, .... & variable name n); (3) getchar( ) : It is a character input/output function which reads a character from keyboard at a time. The syntax is as follows:                 char variable=getchar( ); (4) getch( ) : It is a character i...
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9. Header Files of C Programming

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Header Files of C programming : A header file is a file which is generally available in the include directory in the C language . It is an ASCII (American standard code for information interchange) type file . C language uses several header files , each of which contains declaration that are functionally related. For example, <math.h> header file contains declaration for mathematical function. The header files also contained the information about library functions. Some important header files are  <stdio.h>  Standard input output header, <conio.h>  Console input output header,  <math.h> Mathematical header, <string.h>  String manipulation header,  <stdlib.h> Standard library of utility functions header,  <ctype.h> Character  type testing and conversion header , etc . Header files and related Libray functions in C programming
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10. Data Types of C Programming

Data Types of C Programming  are given below : A set of values together with a set of permitted operations is known as data  t ypes . Variables used in C programs are declared with appropriate data types before the variable is assigned any value. There are four basic data types in C language. They are described below: (1) char : A char data type is used to hold individual character or letter or symbol. It usually occupies 1 byte in RAM. The value range in decimal in char data types is between - 128 to 127. (2) int : An int data type is used to store a signed or unsigned whole integer number within a specified range and cannot have fractional values or a decimal point. It usually occupies 2 bytes in RAM. The value range in decimal in char data types is between - 32768 to 32767. (3) float : A float data type is used to store floating point numbers or real numbers that is numbers that can have decimal values. It usually occupies 4 bytes in RAM. The value range in deci...
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14. Escape Sequences in C Programming

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Escape Sequences : It specified with the first argument of printf( ), these are mainly used for screen formatting of the output. Normally escape sequence are some control characters used to move the cursor and print the characters, such as ?,",\ etc.The following table shows the different escape sequences and their meanings: Escape Sequences in C Programming and their meanings
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1. What is Computer programming ?

Computer programming is the process of designing and building an executable computer program which is basically a sequence of instructions for accomplishing a specific computing task.
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